Tugas Dan Kebijakan Manajemen
Tingkatan Manajemen (Manajemen Level).
Tingkatan manajemen dalam organisasi akan membagi tingkatan manajer menjadi 3 tingkatan :
Tingkatan manajemen dalam organisasi akan membagi tingkatan manajer menjadi 3 tingkatan :
- Manajer lini garis-pertama (first line) adalah tingkatan manajemen paling rendah dalam suatu organisasi yang memimpin dan mengawasi tenaga-tenaga operasional. Dan mereka tidak membawahi manajer yang lain.
- Manajer menengah (Middle Manager) adalah manajemen menengah dapat meliputi beberapa tingkatan dalam suatu organisasi. Para manajer menengah membawahi dan mengarahkan kegiatan-kegiatan para manajer lainnya kadang-kadang juga karyawan operasional.
- Manajer Puncak (Top Manager) terdiri dari kelompok yang relative kecil, manager puncak bertanggung jawab atas manajemen keseluruhan dari organisasi.
Manajer adalah seseorang yang bekerja melalui orang lain dengan mengoordinasikan kegiatan-kegiatan mereka guna mencapai sasaran organisasi.
Tugas Manajemen
Piramida jumlah karyawan pada organisasi dengan struktur tradisional, berdasarkan tingkatannya.
Pada organisasi berstruktur tradisional, manajer sering dikelompokan menjadi manajer puncak, manajer tingkat menengah, dan manajer lini pertama (biasanya digambarkan dengan bentuk piramida, di mana jumlah karyawan lebih besar di bagian bawah daripada di puncak). Berikut ini adalah tingkatan manajer mulai dari bawah ke atas:
Manejemen lini pertama (first-line management),
Dikenal pula dengan istilah manajemen operasional, bertugas memimpin dan mengawasi karyawan non-manajerial yang terlibat dalam proses produksi serta bertanggung jawab menyelesaikan rencana-rencana yang telah ditetapkan oleh para manajer yang lebih tinggi. Mereka sering disebut penyelia (supervisor), manajer shift, manajer area, manajer kantor, manajer departemen, atau mandor (foreman). Pada tingkatan ini juga memiliki keahlian yaitu keahlian teknis, artinya keahlian yahng mencakup prosedur, teknik, pengetahuan dan keahlian dalam bidang khusus. Misal: supervisor/pengawas produksi, mandor.
Manajemen tingkat menengah (middle management)
Manajemen menengah mencakup semua manajemen yang berada di antara manajer lini pertama dan manajemen puncak dan bertugas sebagai penghubung antara keduanya.Manajemen menengah harus memiliki keahlian interpersonal/manusiawi, artinya keahlian untuk berkomunikasi, bekerjasama dan memotivasi orang lain. Manajemen menengah bertanggung jawab melaksanakan rencana dan memastikan tercapainya suatu tujuan. Misal: manajer wilayah, kepala divisi, direktur produk.
Manajemen puncak (top management)
Dikenal pula dengan istilah executive officer. Manajer Puncak bertugas merencanakan kegiatan dan strategi perusahaan secara umum dan mengarahkan jalannya perusahaan serta bertaggungjawab atas pengaruh yang ditimbulkan dari keputusan-keputusan manajemen keseluruhan dari organisasi. Contoh top manajemen adalah CEO (Chief Executive Officer), CIO (Chief Information Officer), dan CFO (Chief Financial Officer),Direktur, wakil direktur, direktur utama. Keahlian yang dimiliki para manajer tingkat puncak adalah konseptual, artinya keahlian untuk membuat dan merumuskan konsep untuk dilaksanakan oleh tingkatan manajer dibawahnya.
Meskipun demikian, tidak semua organisasi dapat menyelesaikan pekerjaannya dengan menggunakan bentuk piramida tradisional ini. Misalnya pada organisasi yang lebih fleksibel dan sederhana, dengan pekerjaan yang dilakukan oleh tim karyawan yang selalu berubah, berpindah dari satu proyek ke proyek lainnya sesuai dengan dengan permintaan pekerjaan.
Contoh Masalah
Konflik di antara staf lini, yang terjadi di antara orang-orang yang memiliki tugas berbeda. Misalnya antara divisi pembelian bahan baku dan divisi keuangan. Divisi pembelian mengganggap akan efektif apabila bahan baku dibeli dalam jumlah besar dibanding sedikit-sedikit tetapi makan waktu berulang-ulang. Sementara divisi keuangan menghendaki jumlah yang lebih kecil karena terbatasnya anggaran. Misal lainnya antara divisi produksi dan divisi pemasaran. Divisi pemasaran membutuhkan produk yang beragam sesuai permintaan pasar. Sementara divisi produksi hanya mampu memproduksi jumlah produksi secara terbatas karena langkanya sumberdaya manusia yang akhli dan teknologi yang tepat.
Strategi Dalam Menyiasati Konflik
a) Menghindar
Menghindari konflik dapat dilakukan jika isu atau masalah yang memicu konflik tidak terlalu penting atau jika potensi konfrontasinya tidak seimbang dengan akibat yang akan ditimbulkannya. Penghindaran merupakan strategi yang memungkinkan pihak-pihak yang berkonfrontasi untuk menenangkan diri. Manajer perawat yang terlibat didalam konflik dapat menepiskan isu dengan mengatakan “Biarlah kedua pihak mengambil waktu untuk memikirkan hal ini dan menentukan tanggal untuk melakukan diskusi”
b) Mengakomodasi
Memberi kesempatan pada orang lain untuk mengatur strategi pemecahan masalah, khususnya apabila isu tersebut penting bagi orang lain. Hal ini memungkinkan timbulnya kerjasama dengan memberi kesempatan pada mereka untuk membuat keputusan. Perawat yang menjadi bagian dalam konflik dapat mengakomodasikan pihak lain dengan menempatkan kebutuhan pihak lain di tempat yang pertama.
c) Kompetisi
Gunakan metode ini jika anda percaya bahwa anda memiliki lebih banyak informasi dan keahlian yang lebih dibanding yang lainnya atau ketika anda tidak ingin mengkompromikan nilai-nilai anda. Metode ini mungkin bisa memicu konflik tetapi bisa jadi merupakan metode yang penting untuk alasan-alasan keamanan.
d) Kompromi atau Negosiasi
Masing-masing memberikan dan menawarkan sesuatu pada waktu yang bersamaan, saling memberi dan menerima, serta meminimalkan kekurangan semua pihak yang dapat menguntungkan semua pihak.
e) Memecahkan Masalah atau Kolaborasi
- Pemecahan sama-sama menang dimana individu yang terlibat mempunyai tujuan kerja yang sama.
- Perlu adanya satu komitmen dari semua pihak yang terlibat untuk saling mendukung dan saling memperhatikan satu sama lainnya.
Duty and Policy Management
Depth of Management (Management Level).
Levels of management within the organization level managers will divide into 3 levels:1. First-line managers-line (first line) is the lowest level of management within an organization to lead and oversee the operational personnel. And they do not supervise other managers.2. Middle managers (Middle Manager) is a middle management can include multiple levels within an organization. The middle manager supervises and directs the activities of other managers sometimes also the operational employees.3. Peak Manager (Top Manager) consists of a relatively small group, the top manager is responsible for overall management of the organization.The manager is someone who works through others to coordinate their activities to achieve organizational goals.
Task Management
Task Management
Pyramids of number of employees in organizations with a traditional structure, based on its level.In the traditional organizational structure, managers are often grouped into top managers, middle managers and first line managers (usually represented by a pyramid, in which a larger number of employees at the bottom than at the peak). Here is the level managers from bottom to top:
Manejemen first-line (first-line management),Also known by the term operational management, tasked to lead and supervise non-managerial employees involved in the production process and is responsible completing the plans have been set by the managers is higher. They are often called supervisors (supervisors), shift manager, area manager, office manager, department manager, or foreman (foreman). At this level of expertise which also has the technical expertise, that expertise yahng include procedures, techniques, knowledge and expertise in specialized fields. For example: supervisor / production supervisors, foreman.
Middle management (middle management)
Middle management covers all the management were among the first-line managers and top management and served as a liaison between keduanya.Manajemen medium must have the interpersonal skills / human, meaning skills to communicate, cooperate and motivate others. Middle management responsible for implementing the plan and ensure the achievement of a goal. For example: region manager, division head, director of product.
Middle management covers all the management were among the first-line managers and top management and served as a liaison between keduanya.Manajemen medium must have the interpersonal skills / human, meaning skills to communicate, cooperate and motivate others. Middle management responsible for implementing the plan and ensure the achievement of a goal. For example: region manager, division head, director of product.
Top management (top management)
Also known by the term executive officer. Peak Manager in charge of planning activities and general corporate strategy and direct the course of the enterprise and bertaggungjawab on the effects of the decisions of the overall management of the organization. Examples of top management is the CEO (Chief Executive Officer), CIO (Chief Information Officer) and CFO (Chief Financial Officer), Director, deputy director, chief executive officer. Expertise of top level managers is conceptual, meaning the expertise to make and formulate the concept to be implemented by the underlying manager level.However, not all organizations can complete its work by using this traditional pyramid shape. For example in the organization more flexible and simple, with the work performed by a team of employees who are always changing, moving from one project to another in accordance with the demands of work.
Example ProblemConflict between staff lines, which occurs between people who have different tasks. Eg between purchase of raw materials division and financial division. Division will assume effective when purchasing raw materials purchased in bulk than a little bit but it takes time repeatedly. While the financial division requires a smaller amount because of the limited budget. Another example of the production division and marketing division. Marketing divisions require a variety of products according to market demand. While the production division is able to produce only a limited amount of production because of the scarcity of expert human resources and appropriate technologies.
Strategies In Conflict tricka) AvoidanceAvoiding conflict can be done if the issue or problem that triggered the conflict is not too important or if the potential for confrontation is not balanced by the effect it would cause. Avoidance is a strategy that allows the parties to calm himself confronted. Nurse managers involved in the conflict can shake off the issue by saying, "Let both sides take the time to figure this out and set a date for discussion"b) AccommodateProvide opportunities for others to organize problem-solving strategies, especially if the issue is important for others. This allows the emergence of cooperation by giving them the opportunity to make a decision. Nurses who are part of the conflict can accommodate the other party by placing the needs of other parties in the first place.c) CompetitionUse this method if you believe that you have more information and expertise more than others or when you do not want to compromise your values. This method might lead to conflict but it could be an important method for security reasons.d) Compromise or NegotiationEach provides and offer something at the same time, mutual giving and receiving, as well as minimize the shortcomings of all parties can benefit all parties.e) Solving Problems or Collaboration1. Solving a win-win where the individuals involved have the same working goals.2. Need for a commitment from all parties involved for mutual support and mutual care for each other.
Also known by the term executive officer. Peak Manager in charge of planning activities and general corporate strategy and direct the course of the enterprise and bertaggungjawab on the effects of the decisions of the overall management of the organization. Examples of top management is the CEO (Chief Executive Officer), CIO (Chief Information Officer) and CFO (Chief Financial Officer), Director, deputy director, chief executive officer. Expertise of top level managers is conceptual, meaning the expertise to make and formulate the concept to be implemented by the underlying manager level.However, not all organizations can complete its work by using this traditional pyramid shape. For example in the organization more flexible and simple, with the work performed by a team of employees who are always changing, moving from one project to another in accordance with the demands of work.
Example ProblemConflict between staff lines, which occurs between people who have different tasks. Eg between purchase of raw materials division and financial division. Division will assume effective when purchasing raw materials purchased in bulk than a little bit but it takes time repeatedly. While the financial division requires a smaller amount because of the limited budget. Another example of the production division and marketing division. Marketing divisions require a variety of products according to market demand. While the production division is able to produce only a limited amount of production because of the scarcity of expert human resources and appropriate technologies.
Strategies In Conflict tricka) AvoidanceAvoiding conflict can be done if the issue or problem that triggered the conflict is not too important or if the potential for confrontation is not balanced by the effect it would cause. Avoidance is a strategy that allows the parties to calm himself confronted. Nurse managers involved in the conflict can shake off the issue by saying, "Let both sides take the time to figure this out and set a date for discussion"b) AccommodateProvide opportunities for others to organize problem-solving strategies, especially if the issue is important for others. This allows the emergence of cooperation by giving them the opportunity to make a decision. Nurses who are part of the conflict can accommodate the other party by placing the needs of other parties in the first place.c) CompetitionUse this method if you believe that you have more information and expertise more than others or when you do not want to compromise your values. This method might lead to conflict but it could be an important method for security reasons.d) Compromise or NegotiationEach provides and offer something at the same time, mutual giving and receiving, as well as minimize the shortcomings of all parties can benefit all parties.e) Solving Problems or Collaboration1. Solving a win-win where the individuals involved have the same working goals.2. Need for a commitment from all parties involved for mutual support and mutual care for each other.
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